Mostrando las entradas para la consulta alcohol ordenadas por relevancia. Ordenar por fecha Mostrar todas las entradas
Mostrando las entradas para la consulta alcohol ordenadas por relevancia. Ordenar por fecha Mostrar todas las entradas

16 de enero de 2020

ALCOHOL / ALCOHOLISMO: consecuencias y tratamiento / Alcohol / Alcoholism: consequences and treatment / Alcool / Alcoolisme: conséquences et traitement / Алкоголь / Алкоголизм: последствия и лечение


Alkohol / Alkoholismus: Konsequenzen und Behandlung
Alcol / Alcolismo: conseguenze e trattamento
Álcool / Alcoolismo: conseqüências e tratamento
酒精/酒精中毒:后果和治疗
शराब / शराब: परिणाम और उपचार
アルコール/アルコール依存症:結果と治療
الكحول / الكحول: عواقب والعلاج

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Si bien el consumo moderado de vino o cerveza (1-2 vasos diarios) puede ser saludable, cuando las dosis aumentan (a partir de 2 copas de licor o de 3 botellas o vasos de cerveza o vino) se producen efectos negativos tanto para el propio sujeto como para su familia y su entorno social.

- While moderate consumption of wine or beer (1-2 glasses a day) can be healthy, when the doses increase (from 2 glasses of liquor or 3 bottles or glasses of beer or wine) negative effects occur both for the subject himself as for his family and his social environment.

- En la intoxicación alcohólica aguda o embriaguez los efectos varían en función de la concentración y cantidad ingerida (grado de alcoholemia), corpulencia, edad, etc:

- In acute alcohol intoxication or drunkenness the effects vary depending on the concentration and amount ingested (degree of alcohol), corpulence, age, etc:

Dichos EFECTOS se inician con sensación de euforia, locuacidad y desinhibición, pasando luego a la pérdida del equilibrio, mareos, desorientación, confusión, alteraciones de la vista, disminución de la atención y la coordinción de reflejos, habla balbuciente, vértigo, náuseas y vómitos; posteriormente aumenta la dificultad de movimientos, hasta llegar, finalmente, a la inconsciencia, al coma y a la depresión respiratoria con riesgo de muerte.

- These effects begin with a feeling of euphoria, loquacity and disinhibition, then moving on to the loss of balance, dizziness, disorientation, confusion, visual disturbances, decreased attention and coordination of reflexes, speech swollen, vertigo, nausea and vomiting subsequently increases the difficulty of movements, until finally reaching unconsciousness, coma and respiratory depression with risk of death.

- Sin embargo hay que precisar que desde los primeros momentos de la intoxicación existe un importante riesgo para la conduccción de vehículos o el manejo de maquinaria ya que además del cansancio y la disminución de la atención y la corordinación, el alcohol causa diversas alteraciones psíquicas (impaciencia, agresividad, sensación de superioridad, etc) que predisponen a cometer imprudencias.

- However, it must be pointed out that from the first moments of intoxication there is a significant risk for the driving of vehicles or the handling of machinery since, in addition to fatigue and decreased attention and coordination, alcohol causes various psychic disorders ( impatience, aggressiveness, sense of superiority, etc.) that predispose to commit recklessness.

- 30-50% de los accidentes de tráfico mortales son causados por el alcohol. Asimismo el alcohol es responsable de un tercio de los accidentes de trabajo mortales. También es notorio que aumenta los actos de violencia (70-80% de las agresiones familiares y el 70-80% de las violaciones y ataques sexuales), especialmente cuando se asocia al consumo de otras drogas.


- 30-50% of fatal traffic accidents are caused by alcohol. Likewise, alcohol is responsible for one third of fatal work accidents. It is also notorious that it increases acts of violence (70-80% of family attacks and 70-80% of threats and sexual attacks), especially when associated with the use of other drugs.

- La repetición frecuente de borracheras o el consumo diario de dosis abusivas de bebidas alcohólicas suelen conducir al ALCOHOLISMO, al padecimiento de algunas enfermedades graves: hepatitis, úlceras del aparato digestivo, cáncer, daños cerebrales, alteraciones psíquicas (como la celotipia alcoholica), etc...  y a una disminución notable de la longevidad. 


- The frequent repetition of drunkenness or the daily consumption of abusive doses of alcoholic beverages usually lead to ALCOHOLISM, to the suffering of some serious diseases: hepatitis, ulcers of the digestive system, cancer, brain damage, psychic alterations (such as alcoholic celotypy), etc. ... and a notable decrease in longevity.


LOS TERRIBLES EFECTOS DEL ALCOHOLISMO
The terrible effects of the alcoholism

El consumo de bebidas es habitual entre una tercera parte de la humanidad y unos 100 millones de personas están afectadas por el abuso o la adicción alcohólica. En España son alcohólicos el 10% de los hombres y el 5% de las mujeres.

Drinking is common among a third of humanity and about 100 million people are affected by alcohol abuse or addiction. In Spain, 10% of men and 5% of women are alcoholics.

El alcoholismo es una enfermedad crónica causada por un consumo excesivo y sostenido de bebidas alcohólicas, unas veces por diversión o costumbre social y otras porque se busca en ellas un medio para calmar la ansiedad o el sufrimiento por la pérdida de alguna persona, fracasos sentimentales, etc

Alcoholism is a chronic disease caused by excessive and sustained consumption of alcoholic beverages, sometimes for fun or social custom and sometimes because they are looking for a means to calm anxiety or suffering from the loss of someone, sentimental failures, etc

Generalmente el sujeto no es consciente de que está entrando en un laberinto de difícil salida y pueden pasar muchos meses e incluso años hasta el día en que una situación extrema o algún problema personal, familiar, laboral, etc le hacen reflexionar: entonces intenta dejar de beber o reducir el consumo sin poder conseguirlo por sí mismo.

Generally the subject is not aware that he is entering a maze of difficult exit and it can take many months and even years until the day when an extreme situation or some personal, family, work problem, etc. make him reflect: then he tries to stop Drink or reduce consumption without being able to get it yourself.

La enfermedad se caracteriza por la necesidad que tiene el adicto de tomar a diario repetidas dosis de bebidas alcohólicas y la imposibilidad de controlar o frenar la compulsión de beber.

Como ocurre con otras drogas, su principal obsesión es la de conseguir y consumir alcohol, aunque ello afecte a su salud o a sus deberes familiares y laborales.

The disease is characterized by the need for the addict to take repeated doses of alcoholic beverages daily and the inability to control or stop the compulsion to drink.

As with other drugs, his main obsession is to get and consume alcohol, even if it affects his health or his family and work duties.

El enfermo necesita ingerir dosis cada vez mayores (tolerancia) y cuando suspende o reduce las tomas, aparece el síndrome de abstinenecia que produce ansiedad, dolor de cabeza, sudoración, temblores, alteraciones de la vista y el oído, palpitaciones, fiebre, hasta llegar, si la abstinenecia es muy prolongada, al delirium tremens (con alucinaciones, estupor, convulsiones, agitación, etc) que puede ser mortal y necesita asistencia médica urgente.

The patient needs to take increasing doses (tolerance) and when he suspends or reduces the shots, the abstinenecia syndrome that causes anxiety, headache, sweating, tremor, vision and hearing disorders, palpitations, fever, until arriving If the abstinence is very prolonged, delirium tremens (with hallucinations, stupor, convulsions, agitation, etc.) which can be fatal and needs urgent medical assistance.

Estos efectos se deben a que el alcohol, que es un depresor del sistema nervioso central, actúa en las estructuras cerebrales, produciendo una neuroadaptación patológica. El sujeto siente el impulso de beber para calmar su ansiedad y los demás efectos de la abstiencia y no puede dejar de hacerlo sin ayuda facultativa.

These effects are due to the fact that alcohol, which is a central nervous system depressant, acts on brain structures, producing pathological neuroadaptation. The subject feels the urge to drink to calm his anxiety and the other effects of withdrawal and cannot stop doing so without optional help.

Otro efecto pernicioso del alcohol es el llamado "síndrome alcoholico fetal" que puede producir deformaciones físicas y problemas psiquicos a a los niños nacidos de mujeres que han consumido bebidas de forma habitual durante el embarazo.

Another pernicious effect of alcohol is the so-called "fetal alcohol syndrome" that can cause physical deformations and psychic problems to children born to women who have consumed drinks regularly during pregnancy.

CONSECUENCIAS del abuso o la adicción al alcohol:
CONSEQUENCES of alcohol abuse or addiction:

- 50-60% de los homicidios y asesinatos
- 10-30% de los suicidios
- 40-50% de los accidentes graves
- 70-80% de la violencia conyugal y familiar
- 70-80% de la violencia sexual
- 20-30% de los delincuentes y reclusos
- 20-30% de los problemas psiquiátricos, entre ellos, la celotipia alcoholica

- acortamiento de 10-12 años en esperanza de vida
- 20-30 % de las estancias hospitalarias
- 3ª causa de las enfermedades graves:
- hepatitis
- cirrosis hepática
- 50-70% de los cánceres de boca, laringe, pecho, esófago y colon
- pancreatitis
- derrames cerebrales
- ataques cardíacos
- osteoporosis
- depresión
- impotencia, 

- síndrome alcholico fetal, etc

- 50-60% of homicides and murders
- 10-30% of suicides
- 40-50% of serious accidents
- 70-80% of spousal and family violence
- 70-80% of sexual violence
- 20-30% of offenders and inmates
- 20-30% of psychiatric problems, including alcoholic celotypy 
- shortening of 10-12 years in life expectancy
- 20-30% of hospital stays
- 3rd cause of serious diseases:
- hepatitis
- hepatic cirrhosis
- 50-70% of cancers of the mouth, larynx, chest, esophagus and colon
pancreatitis
- stroke
- heart attacks
- osteoporosis
- depression
impotence
- fetal alcholic syndrome, etc.

Para combatir el alcoholismo deberían establecerse o incrementarse las siguientes MEDIDAS:
To combat alcoholism the following MEASURES should be established or increased:

- Campañas sanitarias en las escuelas y medios de comunicación para combatir la mentalidad festiva y familiar del consumo, resaltando su peligrosidad
- Prohibir completamente la publicidad
- Aumentar los controles de alcoholemía en carreteras y empresas
- Reducir los establecimientos y puntos de venta de bebidas alcohólica, así como los horarios de apertura y cierre
- Aumentar la vigilancia en los mismos para impedir su acceso a menores de 18 años
- Aumentar los impuestos sobre el alcohol, dedicando estos beneficios a promover más servicios de inspección y control y tratamientos gratuitos para los adictos

- Health campaigns in schools and the media to combat the festive and family mentality of consumption, highlighting its danger
- Completely ban advertising
- Increase alcohol controls on roads and businesses
- Reduce establishments and points of sale of alcoholic beverages, as well as opening and closing times
- Increase vigilance in them to prevent access to people under 18

- Increase alcohol taxes, dedicating these benefits to promoting more inspection and control services and free treatments for addicts


TRATAMIENTO DEL ALCOHOLISMO
TREATMENT OF ALCOHOLISM

El alcoholismo puede curarse; la curación es dificil pero puede conseguirse si bien el enfermo debe someterse voluntariamente a un tratamiento médico-farmacológico de desintoxicacion y deshabituación que exige, a veces, un internamiento en un centro especializado.

Alcoholism can be cured; Healing is difficult but it can be achieved although the patient must voluntarily undergo a medical-pharmacological treatment of detoxification and detoxification that sometimes requires hospitalization in a specialized center.

Se trata de una dura adicción y por ello debe existir una firme decisión por parte del sujeto de someterse al tratamiento y acudir a los servicios especializados de un psiquiatra  que recetará un combinado de fármacos y psicoterapia. Este tratamiento se complementa con terapias de grupo, etc, hasta conseguir su rehabilitación

It is a hard addiction and therefore there must be a firm decision on the part of the subject to undergo treatment and go to the specialized services of a psychiatrist who will prescribe a combination of drugs and psychotherapy. This treatment is complemented with group therapies, etc., until you get your rehabilitation

A partir de ese momento el sujeto - que seguirá siendo un alcohólico aunque ya rehabilitado - podrá llevar una vida normal, a condición de no consumir ni una sola copa, ya que de hacerlo volvería a su situación anterior. Una buena ayuda puede ser su integración en alguna asociación de ex-alcoholicos.

From that moment the subject - who will remain an alcoholic although already rehabilitated - may lead a normal life, provided that he does not consume a single drink, since doing so would return to his previous situation. A good help may be their integration into some association of ex-alcoholics.

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ADVERTENCIA A LOS LECTORES DE ESTE ARTÍCULO:

La información y opiniones médicas contenidas en este artículo tienen únicamente una finalidad divulgativa y, en ningún caso, deben ni pueden sustituir el consejo de un médico o farmaceútico; cualquier persona que se sienta afectada por síntomas o sospechas de padecer una enfermedad alcoholica o de otra índole, no ha conformarse con esta información, y sí debe acudir a la consulta de un médico, farmaceútico o especialista sanitario correspondiente, para que le aconseje, diagnostique su afección y le prescriba la medicación o tratamiento que considere apropiados.


WARNING TO READERS OF THIS ARTICLE:

The medical information and opinions contained in this article are for informational purposes only and, in no case, should they or may replace the advice of a doctor or pharmacist; Any person who feels affected by symptoms or suspicions of suffering from an alcoholic or other illness, has not comply with this information, and should consult a doctor, pharmacist or corresponding health specialist, to advise, diagnose your condition and prescribe the medication or treatment you deem appropriate.


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Ver videos sobre alcoholismo y su tratamiento
Watch videos about alcoholism and its treatment

7 de junio de 2011

ALCOHOL: Intoxicación y adicción alcohólica; consecuencias y TRATAMIENTO / Alcohol: Intoxication and addiction alcoholic, consequences and treatment


Muchos médicos afirman que el consumo moderado de vino o cerveza (1-2 vasos diarios) puede ser saludable, pero cuando las dosis aumentan (a partir de 2 copas de licor o 2 vasos de cerveza o vino) se producen efectos negativos tanto para el propio sujeto como para su familia y su entorno social.

EFECTOS DE LA EMBRIAGUEZ

En la intoxicación alcohólica aguda o embriaguez los efectos varían en función de la concentración y cantidad ingerida (grado de alcoholemia), corpulencia, edad, etc:

Dichos EFECTOS se inician con sensación de euforia, locuacidad y desinhibición, pasando luego a la pérdida del equilibrio, mareos, desorientación, confusión, alteraciones de la vista, disminución de la atención y la coordinción de reflejos, habla balbuciente, vértigo, náuseas y vómitos; posteriormente aumenta la dificultad de movimientos, hasta llegar, finalmante, a la inconsciencia, al coma y a la depresión respiratoria con riesgo de muerte.

Sin embargo hay que precisar que desde los primeros momentos de la intoxicación existe un importante riesgo para la conduccción de vehículos o el manejo de maquinaria ya que además del cansancio y la disminución de la atención y la corordinación, el alcohol causa diversas alteraciones psíquicas (impaciencia, agresividad, sensación de superioridad, etc) que predisponen a cometer imprudencias.

30-50% de los accidentes de tráfico mortales son causados por el alcohol. Asimismo el alcohol es responsable de un tercio de los accidentes de trabajo mortales.
También es notorio que aumenta los actos de violencia (70-80% de las agresiones familiares y el 70-80% de las violaciones y ataques sexuales), especialmente cuando se asocia al consumo de otras drogas.


La repetición frecuente de borracheras o el consumo diario de dosis abusivas de bebidas suelen conducir al alcoholismo


LAS TERRIBLES CONSECUENCIAS DEL ALCOHOLISMO

El consumo de bebidas es habitual entre una tercera parte de la humanidad y unos 100 millones de personas están afectadas por el abuso o la adicción alcohólica. En España son alcohólicos el 10% de los hombres y el 5% de las mujeres.-

El alcoholismo es una enfermedad crónica causada por un consumo excesivo y sostenido de bebidas alcohólicas, unas veces por diversión o costumbre social y otras porque se busca en ellas un medio para calmar la ansiedad o el sufrimiento por la pérdida de alguna persona, fracasos sentimentales, etc

Generalmente el sujeto no es consciente de que está entrando en un laberinto de difícil salida y pueden pasar muchos meses e incluso años hasta el día en que una situación extrema o algún problema personal, familiar, laboral, etc le hacen reflexionar: entonces intenta dejar de beber o reducir el consumo sin poder conseguirlo por sí mismo.

La enfermedad se caracteriza por la necesidad que tiene el adicto de tomar a diario repetidas dosis de bebidas alcohólicas y la imposibilidad de controlar o frenar la compulsión de beber.

Como ocurre con otras drogas, su principal obsesión es la de conseguir y consumir alcohol, aunque ello afecte a su salud o a sus deberes familiares y laborales.

El enfermo necesita ingerir dosis cada vez mayores (tolerancia) y cuando suspende o reduce las tomas, aparece el síndrome de abstinenecia que produce ansiedad, dolor de cabeza, sudoración, temblores, alteraciones de la vista y el oído, palpitaciones, fiebre, hasta llegar, si la abstinenecia es muy prolongada, al delirium tremens (con alucinaciones, estupor, convulsiones, agitación, etc) que puede ser mortal y necesita asistencia médica urgente.

Estos efectos se deben a que el alcohol, que es un depresor del sistema nervioso central, actúa en las estructuras cerebrales, produciendo una neuroadaptación patológica. El sujeto siente el impulso de beber para calmar su ansiedad y los demás efectos de la abstiencia y no puede dejar de hacerlo sin ayuda facultativa.

Prinxipales CONSECUENCIAS del abuso o la adicción al ALCOHOL:

- 50-60% de los homicidios y asesinatos
- 10-30% de los suicidios
- 40-50% de los accidentes graves
- 70-80% de la violencia conyugal y familiar
- 70-80% de la violencia sexual
- 20-30% de los delincuentes y reclusos
- 20-30% de los problemas psiquiátricos, entre ellos, la celotipia alcohólica
- Acortamiento de 10-12 años en esperanza de vida
- 20-30 % de las estancias hospitalarias
- 3ª causa de las enfermedades graves:
- Síndrome alcohólico fetal
- Hepatitis
- Cirrosis hepática
- 50-70% de los cánceres de boca, laringe, pecho, esófago y colon
- Pancreatitis
- Derrames cerebrales
- Ataques cardíacos
- Síndrome de Wernicke-Korsakoff
- Osteoporosis
- Depresión
- Impotencia, etc


Otro efecto pernicioso del alcohol es el llamado "síndrome alcoholico fetal" que puede producir deformaciones físicas y problemas psiquicos a a los niños nacidos de mujeres que han consumido bebidas de forma habitual durante el embarazo.


MEDIDAS PARA COMBATIR EL CONSUMO ABUSIVO Y LA ADICCIÓN ALCOHÓLICA

Deberían establecerse o incrementarse las siguientes:

Campañas sanitarias en las escuelas y medios de comunicación para combatir la mentalidad festiva y familiar del consumo, resaltando su peligrosidad
Prohibir completamente la publicidad
Aumentar los controles de alcoholemía en carreteras y empresas
Reducir los establecimientos y puntos de venta de bebidas alcohólica, así como los horarios de apertura y cierre
Aumentar la vigilancia en los mismos para impedir su acceso a menores de 18 años
Incrementar los impuestos sobre el alcohol, dedicando estos beneficios a promover más servicios de inspección y control y tratamientos gratuitos para los adictos


TRATAMIENTO DE LOS ENFERMOS AFECTADOS DE ALCOHOLISMO

El alcoholismo es una enfermedad grave que puede curarse, pero el paciente debe someterse voluntariamente a un tratamiento médico-farmacológico de desintoxicacion y deshabituación que, en casos graves, exige un internamiento en un centro especializado-
El tratamiento ha de realizarse bajo la tutela de un médico y suele comportar la pescripción de determinados fármacos para combatir la dependencia.
Dicho tratamiento se complementa con otros de tipo psiquiatrico-psicológico, terapias de grupo, etc, hasta conseguir la rehabilitación del afectado.


A partir de ese momento el sujeto - que seguirá siendo un alcohólico aunque ya rehabilitado - podrá llevar una vida normal, a condición de no consumir ni una sola copa, ya que de hacerlo volvería a su situación anterior.


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ADVERTENCIA A LOS LECTORES DE ESTE ARTÍCULO:

La información y opiniones médicas contenidas en este artículo tienen únicamente una finalidad divulgativa y, en ningún caso, deben ni pueden sustituir el consejo de un médico o farmaceútico ni servir para realizar autodiagnósticos; cualquier persona que se sienta afectada por síntomas o sospechas de padecer una enfermedad alcoholica o de otra índole, no ha conformarse con esta información, y sí debe acudir a la consulta de un médico, farmaceútico o especialista sanitario correspondiente, para que le aconseje, diagnostique su afección y le prescriba la medicación o tratamiento que considere apropiados.


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21 de diciembre de 2017

CRIMINOLOGY FACTORS: Why are crimes committed? / CRIMINOLOGÍA: FACTORES causantes de los delitos


(See the Spanish version of this article - Ver la versión de este articulo en español)

Why are crimes committed?

The criminal theories try to explain the reasons or factors that produce the delinquency.

The persons who commit crimes do it under the influence of diverse factors, many of them are endogenous (indivual, biological, genetic, etc) and other are exogenous (social, environmental, cultural, etc)

The factors are the favorable environment in which the subject meets immersed across the time, the place and the circumstances until at any one time one o more of them, under the decision of the will and individual freedom, they produce the step to the criminal act.

The factors can interact among them and to affect certain persons and not to others or to have effect negative only in certain situations or occasions.

Some of them can act even of ambivalent form provoking crimes or preventing them.

To more accumulated factors, major criminal predisposition.


PRINCIPAL CRIMINAL FACTORS

Instincts. - Atavistic-instinctive predisposition towards violent aggression, inheritance of our ancestors on the scale of species evolution and especially of our reptilian ancestors

Psychopatys.- Disorders of the personality that generate varied types of psychopaths (intelligent, fanatical, cruel, violent, explosive, vindictive, exploitative, manipulative, etc)
Among them are the most dangerous criminals.

Against-Social Psychopatys.- Generally they are joined to the abuse of alcohol and drugs; they cause criminal serious and violent aggressions

Personalities with hostile feelings.- Sometimes also psychopaths; they show aggressiveness, hatred, revenge, cruelty, envy, rancor, intolerance, resentment, recklessness, etc

Mental illnesses.- Schizophrenia, psychosis, maniacal-depressive madness, encephalitis, meningitis, epilepsy, paranoia, neurosis, phobias, cerebral injuries, oligrofrenias, dementia for alcohol or drugs, etc (8-10 % of the population suffers mental disorders)

Superiority or inferiority complexes.-

Lack of moral values and altruistic feelings.-

Genetic alterations.- Abnormalities of chromosome XYY.

Hormonal disorders of the endocrine dysfunctions.- (hyperthyroidism, high level of testosterone, unloads of adrenaline, etc.)

Constitution physical-Typology.- The athletics types tend to be more aggressive, more violent criminal and passional.

Age.- More crimes are committed between 17 and 40 years.

Sex.- The men (70-80%) commit more crimes that the women (20-30%); also the "modus operandi" and the motivations often differ by gender.
The sexism of many men, with victimization of women, causes numerous crimes around the world (deaths, injuries, sexual assaults, threats, coercion, etc.)

Impulses and sexual perversions.- Sadism, paedophilia, disappointments love, jealousy, etc

Negative Influence of family in infancy and childhood; non-delivery of social and moral values; parents criminals, mentally unbalanced, alcoholics or drug addicts; maltreatment and sexual abuse in childhood; abandonment of the father or mother; illegitimacy of children, orphans, extramarital offspring, internment in reformatories, brothers offenders, indifference or lack of affection, family conflict, abuse women, divorce, poor education and schooling, excessive severity or mimes, poor supervision, family culture against the law and order (ethnic groups , Separatist-terrorists, religious fanatics, etc.), maturing early and forced child; lack of economic means, begging, poverty, unemployment, poor housing, etc.

Adolescence .- The crisis and psycho-physical and hormonal changes of puberty and development cause, mostly in men, insecurity, anxiety and emotional instability, attitudes of protest and rebellion, rejection and maladjustment to the socio-cultural models, complex, emotional clumsiness, irritability and behavioral abnormalities. If we join other negative factors such as alcohol and drug use, school failure or labor, low cultural level, influence of friends criminals, belonging to gangs, gangs or cults marginal or radical political groups, vagrancy, prostitution, sexual precocity, etc. , Deviant behaviour can lead to antisocial, violent assaults, vandalism, sexual offences, robbery, etc. (most crimes are street feature these juveniles)

Kleptomania .- It is a psychological disorder that makes theft irrational and irresistible objects without need and no matter their economic value; more frequent in women with depression, anxiety, anorexia, bulimia, etc..

Pyromania .- Usually affect sociópatas with incendiary impulses, delusional mentally ill, mentally retarded, alcoholics, etc.

Problem gambling .- Obsession-pathological addiction, more frequent among men; gambling debts tend to rise theft, appropriation, threats, etc.

Alcoholism .- Alcohol poisoning, drunken pathological; carry states of mental confusion, alienation and hallucinations with "delirium tremens," celotipia alcoholic, etc. causing serious violent crimes, accidents, etc. Another pernicious effect of alcohol is the so-called "fetal alcohol syndrome" that can cause physical deformations and psychiatric problems to children born to women who have consumed beverages regularly during the pregnancy.

Drugs: traffic and consumption.- Especially addiction to heroin; crises of forcing the withdrawal addict without financial means to seek money through crime or prostitution; drugs are a criminogenic factors of the first order: 70-80% of crimes, detainees and prisoners are drug-related

Illegal traffic in firearms .- Millions of small arms (pistols, rifles, grenades, etc.) are circulating around the world, empowering mafia, guerrilla movements, criminal networks, etc.; sale massive, uncontrolled and arms smuggling causing thousands of deaths, terrorist assaults, thefts, etc.

Prostitution and pimping.- In addition to transmitting diseases (AIDS, syphilis, hepatitis, etc.) are origin of kidnapping, trafficking in women and minors (trafficking mafias), rapes, murders, extortion, abortions, etc. and encourage alcoholism and substance abuse; prostitution on the contrary, the marketing of sexual impulses, avoids rape and sexual assaults

Poverty, hunger, homelessness, marginalization, poor distribution of wealth, economic crisis and shortages, high cost of living inequality of opportunity, lack of legitimate livelihoods, etc. Poverty affects 50% of the total world population. Some 1,000 million people go hungry

Unemployment, lack of work, work-trash, labor exploitation, lack of training, poor attitude towards work, strikes, labor disputes, etc. (60-80% of offenders do not have jobs or livelihoods)

Poor housing, living in slums, insufficient space, expensive rental housings, etc.

Illiteracy, ignorance, school failure, poor education: 40-50% of detainees has not completed primary education; 5-7% are illiterate

Contagion o infection-learning-differential-association, assumption or imitation of criminals models through a process of socialization, interaction with other individuals or criminal groups (family or friend groups criminals in prison, gangs, etc.) The crime is a consequence of the frequency, duration and intensity of contagion or infection-learning

Mentality and differents, opposite or contrary cultural or subcultural values to those of the dominant society, the crime may be a reaction to socio-cultural structures not accepted, some people reject the official culture failed and are integrated into a criminal subculture

Indoctrination/assumption of extremists or fanatical religious or political ideologies.- Certain radical extremist organizations, sectarian, separatist, racist, etc, exploit the naivety and lack of intellectual training of target groups, primarily children and youth, to be subjected to continual mental manipulation/dogmatic suggestion (true brainwashing) which leads them to hatred, discrimination and attacks on people of different race or ideology (the terrorist attacks, uprisings, subversive organizations, suicide rituals, wars, etc.) This type of manipulation has been a constant ideological throughout (burning/killing of infidels, heretics, wars of conquest, crusades, executions, torture, death camps, racist massacres, etc.)

Socio-economic-cultural impacts, in some countries of Asia and Africa, with certain social and family structures: inheritance customs, births, accomplishments, marriages, one-child policy, etc, preferring to men and not women, lead millions of abortions, feticide, infanticide and abandonment and sale of girls, female genital mutilation, etc.

Racism, xenophobia, discrimination against foreigners or people from other races, beliefs and customs; and the exploitation of poor or illegal
migrant workers

Organized crime.- Influence of professionalized criminal organizations, terrorists or mobsters; association between criminals or criminal groups (gangs); influence of these criminals in politics and justice, corruption and pressure on certain officials and political leaders causing their inhibition and complicity

Uncontrolled migration, the excessive permeability of open borders, mass tourism, the lack of closer monitoring of aliens permits the passage of international criminals and the penetration of all kinds of illegal trafficking (drugs, weapons, currency, works of art, etc.) and the settlement of fanatical cultures and anti-social customs

Inequality and social injustice, social maladjustment and frustration by the contrast-wealth-luxury opulence in face to poverty-misery; the incentives of the consumer society unmet generate stress, aggression and temptation to get the achievements through crime instead of working

Lust for power, dominance, greed, desire for profit/wealth and greed of the ruling oligarchies; corruption and impunity of high delinquency economic or political; oppression and injustice generate resentment and frustration that, often, leads to undertake criminal acts

Exploration and extraction of resources from certais countries in connivance with some corrupt political leaders (land, mines, oil, ect), leaving the population impoverished

Conflicts over economic interests, usurious loans, farm boundary problems, inheritances, etc.

Existence of tax havens for black money laundering and trafficking of foreign currency

Influences of the crime victim (scapegoat).- The victim is attacked if is easy target, if there is helplessness, weakness, loneliness (children, elderly people, women, destitute, mentally ill, etc.)

Incitement voluntary or involuntary of the victim (stimulus aggressive); attitude, appearance, sex, exhibitionism, etc; acting out of revenge, pretending to be a victim of a crime, causing a situation of legitimate defense to attack with legal cover, get a financial compensation faking a crime (fire or accident insurance), sometimes the victim cooperates with the offender (statutory rape, some scams, sadomasochism)

Increased number of dark figure of crimes because the victim did not report or testimony and the crime will not be known or prosecuted and the offender shall be concealed and unpunished; it happens sometimes, for fear of reprisals, threats, entrusting to the justice or police, etc (in certain events, the dark number of crimes is three times higher than the official statistics)

"Labeling approach".- Criminals is not the whole individuals who violate the law but which is labeled or stigmatized as such by the police and justice; when the labeling is unjust or misapplied criminal activity may produce a reaction against the established laws

Lack of safety measures, prevention and surveillance (patrols, alarms, surveillance cameras, controls, lack of grilles, security doors, solid fences, adequate lighting, etc.), facilities and opportunities to commit crime, difficulties of policing in the urban chaos or the overcrowded marginal areas of big cities, in passageways, areas or isolated homes, etc. (most of the crimes committed inside homes and buildings are impossible to detect; the 90% of crimes are fast commission and in hidden or lonely places), lack of effective security policies produces fear among the citizens to report or testify

Inadequat criminal and procedural laws; lack of criminal policy planning and effective prison, slow processes, lack means to investigate or prevent; lack of cocordinacion between judges/police/prisons, lack of treatment of offenders, low penalty or punishment and security measures and insufficient control for habitual offenders, dangerous or recidivists. The sentences just applied quickly and effectively reduce crime by deterring potential criminals.

Police action ineffective due to lack inadequate staff and equipment, low pay, poor discipline and supervision of command to increase efficiency and prevent corruption, lack of expertise and training, lack of attention to victims and social networking to implement prevention measures , information exchange and collaboration with citizens; failure of prevention and monitoring in areas of higher crime risk, lack of control over outputs Infomación and dangerous prisoners or recidivists, areas of drug trafficking, etc..

Malfunction failures or corruption of the judicial system; some judicial officials, lawyers, etc.. can influencecan influence on a rise of crimes if they act in favor of criminals, mafias and terrorist groups; this is particularly true in certain countries with undemocratic governments and political structures unevolved

Prison system without effective measures that make the prison amid crime enhancer, overcrowded prisons, remand prisoners with excessive and inadequate penalty, lawlessness, lack of discipline and negative reformer environment with contagious contact with other inmates; infrastructure not suitable for young offenders; exploitation of inmates by prison gangs.
Prisons should fulfill a mission of custody, to isolate and prevent convicted criminals re-offending, and also promote the rehabilitation and the psychiatric/medical treatment, (especially drug addiction detoxification); also the cultural and professional training, teaching a profession or trade so that they can make a living when them be liberated.

Wars and armed conflicts, The needs and extreme poverty increase during and after wars.
The wars, though sometimes unavoidable, are absolute disasters, with great effect for crime: murders, rapes, injuries, mutilation, imprisonment, forced labor, looting, mass destrucion, forced migration, abandoned children, diseases, etc. (70-80% of war victims are civilians)

Public disorders.- The people involved in disturbances or riots, spontaneous or induced; groups or crowd (riotous mass) lose their self-control and are subject to impulsive and emotional reactions of the mass itself and its leaders; there is an spiral of feedback that can trigger excitement, shouting, aggression and outbursts of violence, damage, looting, arson and other serious crimes; often some offenders exploit the confusion and lawlessness to commit their crimes

Political systems tyrannical, oppressives, corrupt, who violate for liberties and human rights, coercive imposition of unfair rules and dominant, the absence of a policy of freedom, justice, equality and political pluralism that hinders the normal development of social life. The leaders of these anti-democratic systems and their agents, in addition to committing crimes, have a multiplier effect criminogenic

Climate and geography.- In countries with cold climates (North) are more property crimes and the hot (South, Ecuador) crimes against persons, the heat predisposes to aggressive actions, this rate of crime usually increases during the months of summer. There are statistics showing that the crime figures descent in the days of rain or snow.

Criminal influence of large towns and cities and minor to rural areas due to factors such as urban overcrowding, excessive migrants, marginal population, disorganization, cramped space, social maladjustment, fast-paced, tension, stress, , impersonal relationships, congestion, air pollution, more opportunity to commit crime, poor or marginal neighborhoods, promiscuity, prostitution, filth, crime attraction to shopping areas and department stores; much crimes occur in road traffic between marginal areas, in commercial and in residential neighborhoods, in poorly lit streets, and in slums with bums, drunks, drug addicts, etc.
In cities of more than 200 thousand inhabitants, the crime rate is 4-5 times higher than in small towns and villages

Areas densely populated.- Exist more crimes when exist overpopulation, overcrowding, sprawl, crowding in roads and transport, uncontrolled migration, uprooting family and social, demographic explosion, marginal population; that all increase the conflict and competition, maladjustment of the emigrants , inequalities, diversity of uses and customs, class divisions, social disorganization, opportunities for crime, etc.
To more people, more crops with destruction of forests, trees; half of the tropical forests have been destroyed obtain wood for fuel, paper making, etc. Thousands of animal species disappear by reducing their habitat by human population expansion

New independent countries or political changes: Exist more crimes by cause of cultural conflict, migration, lack of tradition, destruction of cultural identities of origin, readjustment of taboos and customs, etc.

Excessive traffic and congestion of vehicles that cause pollution, accidents involving deaths and injuries, car theft, aggressions, noises, movement and traffic congestion, fatigue, stress, etc. The car is the subject and means of committing crimes, it is present at many robberies, terrorist attacks, killings, sex crimes, etc.

Great disasters, earthquakes, fires, etc., cause social disruption and confusion, increasing the chances for crime

Superstitions.- Certain practices of diviners, shamans, healers, witches, spiritualists, etc, in addition to mislead and defraud his false knowledge, can produce serious damage to health or cause death and mutilation, as ablation of cltoris, human sacrifices, destruction animal species for exploit the supposed powers of certain organs or bones (rinoceonte horns, tiger bones, etc.)

Some fashions and customs: deformation or physical scars to get a canon artificial of beauty (bandages to prevent the growth of girls' feet in ancient China; placement of large rings on the lips in certain African tribes),use of fur, ivory, jewels and the like, produce killing and smuggling of animals with species extermination, robbery of jewelry, etc.

The mass media, TV, Internet, cinema, video games, mobile phones, etc, show diferents models or value (sometimes positive and sometimes negative) in relation with crime, violence, assaults, etc. Sometimes they have an influence imitative negative as is been proved in actual crimes with "modus operandi" identical to those by certain films that occur shortly after his projection, hence it follows that there is a potential suggestive of violence on individuals predisposed to such as psychopaths, insane, minors, etc. (an child, between 1 and 15 years, get to see some 10-15 thousand deaths on the screen; and ¡attention to war games!)
However, we must also highlight the positive aspects: distribution and universal intercommunication through internet and satellite TV, knowledge, cultures and different livelihoods, protection of democratic, education in defense and prevention againts crime, notices of seeking and locating criminals, etc.

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HOMICIDIOS y ASESINATOS: Prevención / Estadísticas por paises / HOMICIDES and MURDERS: Prevention / Statistics by countries / HOMICIDES et MEURTRES: Prévention / Statistiques par pays / Убийства и убийства: профилактика / статистика по странам


CRIMINALIDAD: Medidas contra hurtos, robos, asaltos, extorsiones, secuestros,violaciones, fraudes, etc. / CRIMINALITY: Measures against theft, assault, extortion, kidnapping, rape, violations, scams, etc



13 de febrero de 2021

ACCIDENTES de TRÁFICO : Causas y medidas para evitarlos / TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS: Causes and measures to avoid them / ACCIDENTS DE LA CIRCULATION: causes et mesures pour les éviter / Дорожно-транспортные происшествия: причины и меры по их предотвращению

 VERKEHRSUNFÄLLE: Ursachen und Maßnahmen, um sie zu vermeiden / ACIDENTES DE TRÁFEGO: Causas e medidas para evitá-los / INCIDENTI STRADALI: Cause e misure per evitarli / 交通事故:避免的原因和措施 / 交通事故:それらを回避するための原因と対策 / ट्रैफिक दुर्घटनाएँ: कारण और उनसे बचने के उपाय / حوادث المرور: أسبابها وإجراءات تفاديها

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Cada año los accidentes de tráfico producen:

En el mundo:

Cerca de 1.400.000 muertos

Entre 20 y 50 millones de heridos por traumatismos (que a menudo causan discapacidad)

Son la principal causa de muerte entre los jóvenes menores de 40 años y casi el 30% son peatones

En España:

Aproximadamente 1.800 muertes (tercera causa de muerte y primera causa en personas menores de 40 años)

Cerca de 140.000 heridos

El número de fallecidos en España ha ido disminuyendo en los últimos años pasando de 4.029 en 2003 a 1.800 en 2019, debido a la mejora de las carreteras y especialmente a las medidas especiales legislativas y de vigilancia (permiso por puntos, instalación de más radares, controles de alcoholemia, etc.)

Causas principales de los accidentes de tráfico:
(con frecuencia concurren dos o más de ellas)

Factor humano 
(90 % de los accidentes)

Consumo de alcohol (30-50 % en accidentes mortales)

Velocidad excesiva o inadecuada (20-30 %)

Distracciones (20-30 %) 
(el uso del telefono movil es actualmente una de las principales causas de distraccion)
 
Maniobras antirreglamentarias (10-20 o%)

Consumo de drogas (3-5 % de los fallecidos)

Patologías del sueño (5-6 %)

Cansancio, fatiga (10-20 %)

No uso de cinturones de seguridad

No uso de casco en motoristas

No uso de sistemas de sujeción en niños
(30/40 % de mayor riesgo de mortalidad o lesiones en los tres supuestos anteriores)

Otros factores: estado de la vía, del vehículo, atmosféricas, etc
:

Las muertes y lesiones producidas por los accidentes de tráfico se producen con mas intensidad en paísesy por parte de personas con niveles sociales y económicos medios o bajos, ya que no cuentan con infrastructuras modernas en sus carreteras y usan vehículos mas antiguos, sin los medios y tecnicas encaminados a mejorar la seguridad (cinturones, airbags, cascos en motocicletas, etc)

Entre las víctimas abundan mayormente los varones con edades entre los 16 y los 40 años

Los motoristas, ciclistas y peatones tienen un riesgo más elevado de sufrir accidentes graves


Medidas para evitar o disminuir los accidentes

Por parte de los Gobiernos:

- Establecer normas de tráfico estrictas y vigilar su cumplimiento

- Mejorar las carreteras y las señales de tráfico : (doble vía, arcenes, pintado de vías, carteles con indicaciones de peligro, semáforos, neutralizar los "puntos negros"; eliminar cruces, pasos a nivel, curvas, trazados, desvíos y tramos peligrosos; establecer barreras de protección adecuadas (con pantallas laterales contínuas que cubran los huecos y palos de los guardarrailes o "quitamiedos" actuales, trágicos para los motoristas); más firmes antideslizantes, etc.,

- Mejorar la señalización, en especial la nocturna y la de zonas de riesgo (luces intermitentes, semáforos, avisos reflectantes, etc)

- Aumentar  los instrumentos de control en ciudades y carreteras (cámaras de vigilancia, vigilancia mediante drones y helicopteros, patrullas policiales de incógnito, etc)

- Aumentar los controles automáticos de velocidad, infracciones, etc, mediante cámaras y detectores electrónicos

- Penalizar con rigor a los conductores que consuman bebidas alcohólicas o drogas y realizar abundantes controles personales selectivos (permisos de conducir, estado de los vehículos, alcoholemia, drogas, etc.)
Además de sanciones administrativas (multas, retirada de puntos o del permiso, incautación del vehículo, etc) aplicar, para las infracciones muy graves, sanciones penales (en especial arrestos de fin de semana, cursos de reciclaje, asistencia a inválidos, trabajos comunitarios, tratamientos de desintoxicación de alcohol o drogas, etc)

- Sancionar asimismo a los conductores que utilicen teléfonos móviles, no lleven cinturón o casco (en motoristas) y cuando no se usen los cinturones de seguridad o los sistemas de sujeción para niños

- Anular o suspender el permiso de conducir a los conductores que cometan infracciones reincidentes

- Realizar frecuentes campañas de divulgación y concienciacion en medios de comunicación y en colegios  (insistiendo las medidas de prevención y educación vial)

- Establecer revisiones periódicas de los vehiculos 

 - Organizar y aumentar más y mejores transportes públicos, rápidos, confortables, no contaminantes y a precios reducidos o incluso gratuitos (redes de metro, trenes, autocares ecológicos, etc) para que los automovilistas prefieran usarlos y dejen el vehículo privado, que es caro, ruidoso, contaminante y sobre todo mucho más peligroso

 - Abrir muchas más calles peatonales y vías o carriles-bici


Por parte de los conductores:

- Cumplir las normas de trafico y las indicaciones de la ruta (carteles,semáforos, etc)

- No consumir alcohol o drogas

- No usar el teléfono movil durante la conducción (aunque se disponga del sistema de "manos libres", es mejor parar para hacer llamadas o mantener una conversación prolongada)

- Evitar las distracciones 

- Ajustar la velocidad de acuerdo con la afluencia del tráfico y no sobrepasar los límites establecidos o señalados en los carteles de la ruta

- Evitar la fatiga o la somnolencia

- Llevar casco o cinturón de seguridad

- Tener instalado sistemas de "air bag" - al menos uno delantero - para el conductor y copiloto

- Extremar la prudencia, especialmente en adelantamientos, mal estado de la calzada o condiciones atmosféricas desfavorables (lluvia, niebla, viento, nevadas, hielo, etc)

- Mantener las distancias del vehículo precedente

- Facilitar las maniobras de adelantamiento de otros vehículos

- Anunciar mediante las luces intermitentes o sacando el brazo, la intención de adelantar, salir de la calzada, disminuir la velocidad, etc

- Antes de un viaje, comprobar el funcionamiento del motor, luces y neumáticos

- Realizar revisiones periódicas de mecánica y electricidad del vehículo

Es deseable que los accidentes de tráfico y sus consecuencias disminuyan a medida que aumentan la tecnología y las aplicaciones de inteligencia artificial; los nuevos vehículos (coches, furgonetas, autocares, camiones) automatizados sin conductor serán la posible solución a los accidentes ...???

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LEGISLACION PENAL ESPAÑOLA APLICABLE A LOS DELITOS DE TRÁFICO

El Código Penal Español tipifica estos delitos en los arts. 379 y ss...

Art. 379

1 - El que condujere un vehículo de motor o un ciclomotor a velocidad superior en sesenta kilómetros por hora en vía urbana o en ochenta kilómetros por hora en vía interurbana a la permitida reglamentariamente, será castigado con la pena de prisión de tres a seis meses o a la de multa de seis a doce meses y trabajos en beneficio de la comunidad de treinta y uno a noventa días, y, en cualquier caso, a la de privación del derecho a conducir vehículos a motor y ciclomotores por tiempo superior a uno y hasta cuatro años.

2 - Con las mismas penas será castigado el que condujere un vehículo de motor o ciclomotor bajo la influencia de drogas tóxicas, estupefacientes, sustancias psicotrópicas o de bebidas alcohólicas. En todo caso será condenado con dichas penas el que condujere con una tasa de alcohol en aire espirado superior a 0,60 miligramos por litro o con una tasa de alcohol en sangre superior a 1,2 gramos por litro.

Art. 380

1 - El que condujere un vehículo a motor o un ciclomotor con temeridad manifiesta y pusiere en concreto peligro la vida o la integridad de las personas será castigado con las penas de prisión de seis meses a dos años y privación del derecho a conducir vehículos a motor y ciclomotores por tiempo superior a uno y hasta seis años.

2 - A los efectos del presente precepto se reputará manifiestamente temeraria la conducción en la que concurrieren las circunstancias previstas en el apartado primero y en el inciso segundo del apartado segundo del artículo anterior.

Art. 381

1. Será castigado con las penas de prisión de dos a cinco años, multa de doce a veinticuatro meses y privación del derecho a conducir vehículos a motor y ciclomotores durante un período de seis a diez años el que con manifiesto desprecio por la vida de los demás, realizare la conducta descrita en el artículo anterior.

2 - Cuando no se hubiere puesto en concreto peligro la vida o la integridad de las personas, las penas serán de prisión de uno a dos años, multa de seis a doce meses y privación del derecho a conducir vehículos a motor y ciclomotores por el tiempo previsto en el párrafo anterior.


Art. 382

Cuando con los actos sancionados en los artículos 379, 380 y 381 se ocasionare, además del riesgo prevenido, un resultado lesivo constitutivo de delito, cualquiera que sea su gravedad, los Jueces o Tribunales apreciarán tan sólo la infracción más gravemente penada, aplicando la pena en su mitad superior y condenando, en todo caso, al resarcimiento de la responsabilidad civil que se hubiera originado.

Art. 383

El conductor que, requerido por un agente de la autoridad, se negare a someterse a las pruebas legalmente establecidas para la comprobación de las tasas de alcoholemia y la presencia de las drogas tóxicas, estupefacientes y sustancias psicotrópicas a que se refieren los artículos anteriores, será castigado con la penas de prisión de seis meses a un año y privación del derecho a conducir vehículos a motor y ciclomotores por tiempo superior a uno y hasta cuatro años.

Art. 384

El que condujere un vehículo de motor o ciclomotor en los casos de pérdida de vigencia del permiso o licencia por pérdida total de los puntos asignados legalmente, será castigado con la pena de prisión de tres a seis meses o con la de multa de doce a veinticuatro meses o con la de trabajos en beneficio de la comunidad de treinta y uno a noventa días.
La misma pena se impondrá al que realizare la conducción tras haber sido privado cautelar o definitivamente del permiso o licencia por decisión judicial y al que condujere un vehículo de motor o ciclomotor sin haber obtenido nunca permiso o licencia de conducción.


Art. 385

Será castigado con la pena de prisión de seis meses a dos años o a las de multa de doce a veinticuatro meses y trabajos en beneficio de la comunidad de diez a cuarenta días, el que originare un grave riesgo para la circulación de alguna de las siguientes formas:

1ª - Colocando en la vía obstáculos imprevisibles, derramando sustancias deslizantes o inflamables o mutando, sustrayendo o anulando la señalización o por cualquier otro medio.

2ª - No restableciendo la seguridad de la vía, cuando haya obligación de hacerlo.

Artículo 385 bis

El vehículo a motor o ciclomotor utilizado en los hechos previstos en este Capítulo se considerará instrumento del delito a los efectos de los arts. 127 y 128.

Artículo 385 ter

En los delitos previstos en los arts. 379, 383, 384 y 385, el Juez o Tribunal, razonándolo en sentencia, podrá rebajar en un grado la pena de prisión en atención a la menor entidad del riesgo causado y a las demás circunstancias del hecho.



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Traduccion al ingles / Translation to English

Every year traffic accidents produce:

In the world:

About 1,400,000 dead

Between 20 and 50 million injured by trauma (often causing disability)

They are the main cause of death among young people under 40 years of age and almost 30% are pedestrians

In Spain:

About 1,800 deaths (3rd cause of death and 1st cause in people under 40 years of age)

About 140,000 injured

The number of deaths in Spain has been decreasing in recent years going from 4,029 in 2003 to 1,800 in 2019, due to the improvement of the roads and especially the special legislative and surveillance measures (permit by points, installation of more radars, breathalyzer controls, etc.)

Main causes of traffic accidents: (frequently two or more of them concur) Human factor (90% of accidents)

Alcohol consumption (30-50% in fatal accidents)

Excessive or inappropriate speed (20-30%) Distractions (20-30%

(The use of the mobile phone is currently one of the main causes of distraction)

Non-regulatory maneuvers (10-20%)

Drug use (3-5% of the deceased)

Sleep pathologies (5-6%)

Tiredness, fatigue (10-20%)

No use of seat belts

No helmet use in motorcyclists

Do not use restraint systems in children (30/40% higher risk of mortality or injury in the three previous scenarios)

Other factors: state of the road, vehicle, atmospheric, etc: Deaths and injuries caused by traffic accidents occur with more intensity in countries and by people with medium or low social and economic levels, since they do not have modern infrastructure on their roads and use older vehicles, without the means and techniques aimed at improving safety (belts, airbags, motorcycle helmets, etc.) Among the victims, there are mostly males between the ages of 16 and 40 Motorists, cyclists and pedestrians are at higher risk of serious accidents

Measures to avoid or reduce accidents

On the part of the governments:

- Establish strict traffic regulations and monitor their compliance

- Improve roads and traffic signs: (double track, shoulders, painted roads, signs with danger indications, traffic lights, neutralize "black spots"; eliminate junctions, level crossings, curves, paths, detours and dangerous sections ; Establish adequate protection barriers ,with continuous side screens that cover the gaps and poles of the current guardrails or "guardrails", tragic for motorcyclists)

Improve signaling, especially at night and in risk areas (flashing lights, traffic lights, reflective signs, etc.)

- Increase control instruments in cities and highways (surveillance cameras, surveillance by drones and helicopters, incognito police patrols, etc.) Increase automatic speed controls, infractions, etc., by means of electronic cameras and detectors

- Strictly penalize drivers who consume alcoholic beverages or drugs and carry out numerous selective personal checks (driving licenses, state of vehicles, alcohol, drugs, etc.)

In addition to administrative sanctions (fines, withdrawal of points or the permit, seizure of the vehicle, etc.) apply, for very serious infractions, criminal sanctions (especially weekend arrests, recycling courses, assistance to the disabled, community work, alcohol or drug detox treatments, etc)

- Also punish drivers who use mobile phones, do not wear a belt or helmet (for motorcyclists) and when seat belts or child restraint systems are not used

- Cancel or suspend the driving license of drivers who commit repeat offenses

- Carry out frequent outreach and awareness campaigns in the media and in schools (insisting on prevention measures and road safety education)

- Establish periodic reviews of vehicles

 - Organize and increase more and better public transport, fast, comfortable, non-polluting and at reduced or even free prices (metro networks, trains, ecological buses, etc.) so that motorists prefer to use them and leave the private vehicle, which is expensive, noisy, polluting and above all much more dangerous

 - Open many more pedestrian streets and paths or bike lanes

On the part of the drivers:

- Comply with traffic regulations and route indications (signs, traffic lights, etc.)

- Do not consume alcohol or drugs

- Do not use the mobile phone while driving (even if you have the "hands-free" system, it is better to stop to make calls or have a long conversation)

- Avoid distractions

- Adjust the speed according to the influx of traffic and not exceed the limits established or indicated on the route posters

- Avoid fatigue or drowsiness

- Wear a helmet or seat belt

- Have installed "air bag" systems - at least one front - for the driver and passenger

- Exercise extreme caution, especially when overtaking, poor road conditions or unfavorable weather conditions (rain, fog, wind, snowfall, ice, etc.)

- Maintain distances from the preceding vehicle

- Facilitate the overtaking maneuvers of other vehicles

- Announce by means of the flashing lights or by raising the arm, the intention to overtake, leave the road, slow down, etc.

- Before a trip, check the operation of the engine, lights and tires

- Carry out periodic mechanical and electrical checks of the vehicle

It is desirable that traffic accidents and their consequences decrease as the technology and applications of artificial intelligence increase; the new automated vehicles (cars, vans, coaches, trucks) without driver will be the possible solution to accidents ... ???

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SPANISH CRIMINAL LEGISLATION APPLICABLE TO TRAFFICKING CRIMES


The Spanish Penal Code defines these crimes in the arts. 379 and following ...

Art. 379

1 - Anyone who drives a motor vehicle or a moped at a speed greater than 60 kilometers per hour on urban roads or 80 kilometers per hour on intercity roads than that permitted by regulation, will be punished with imprisonment from three to six months or the fine of six to twelve months and work for the benefit of the community from thirty-one to ninety days, and, in any case, deprivation of the right to drive vehicles at engine and mopeds for a period exceeding one and up to four years.

2 - Anyone who drives a motor vehicle or a moped under the influence of toxic drugs, narcotics, psychotropic substances or alcoholic beverages will be punished with the same penalties. In all cases, those who drive with an alcohol level in the exhaled air greater than 0.60 milligrams per liter or with a blood alcohol level greater than 1.2 grams per liter will be condemned to said penalties.

Art. 380

1 - Anyone who drives a motor vehicle or a moped with obvious recklessness and puts the life or integrity of people in concrete danger will be punished with imprisonment from six months to two years and deprivation of the right to drive vehicles motor and mopeds for a period of more than one and up to six years.

2 - For the purposes of this precept, the behavior in which the circumstances set out in the first paragraph and in the second paragraph of the second paragraph of the previous article agree will be considered manifestly imprudent.

Art. 381

1. She will be punished by two to five years' imprisonment, a fine of twelve to twenty-four months and deprivation of the right to drive motor vehicles and mopeds for a period of six to ten years, this who, in contempt manifests the lives of others, I will lead the conduct described in the previous article.

2 - When the life or integrity of people have not been concretely endangered, the penalties will be imprisonment of one to two years, a fine of six to twelve months and deprivation of the right to drive vehicles at engine and mopeds for the duration provided for in the previous paragraph.

Art. 382

When the acts sanctioned in articles 379, 380 and 381 lead, in addition to the avoided risk, a prejudicial result constituting a crime, whatever its seriousness, the judges or courts will only assess the most severely punished offense, by applying half the penalty and condemning, in any event, to compensation for civil liability that may have arisen.

Art. 383

The driver who, required by an agent of the authority, refuses to submit to the legally established tests for the verification of the levels of alcohol and the presence of toxic drugs, narcotics and psychotropic substances referred to in the preceding articles, will be punished with imprisonment. from six months to one year and deprivation of the right to drive motor vehicles and mopeds for a period exceeding one and up to four years.

Art. 384

Anyone who drives a motor vehicle or a moped in the event of loss of validity of the license or permit due to the total loss of the legally awarded points, will be punished with a prison sentence of three to six months or a fine of twelve to twenty-four. months or with that of work for the benefit of the community from thirty-one to ninety days.

The same sanction will be imposed on those who practice driving after having been temporarily or definitively deprived of the license or the license by court decision, and to those who drive a motor vehicle or a moped without ever having obtained a driving license or license. .

Art. 385

He will be punished with a prison sentence of six months to two years or a fine of twelve to twenty-four months and will work for the benefit of the community from ten to forty days, which entails a serious risk for traffic in one of the following ways:

1st - Placement of unforeseeable obstacles on the road, spillage of slippery or inflammable substances or transfer, subtraction or removal of signs or by any other means.

2nd - Do not restore the safety of the road, when there is an obligation to do so.

Article 385a

The motor vehicle or moped used during the events provided for in this chapter is considered an instrument of crime for the purposes of ss. 127 and 128.

Article 385b

In the crimes provided for in art. 379, 383, 384 and 385, the judge or the court, motivating it by sentence, can reduce the prison sentence by one degree taking into account the lesser entity of the risk caused and the other circumstances of the fact.

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The roads of the future / Las carreteras del futuro